ILLUSTRATION BY M. KORNMESSER, SPACEENGINE.ORG/ESO
By Nadia Drake
PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 22, 2017
Seven rocky planets orbiting a nearby star may be roughly the size of Earth and could even be right for water—and maybe life—to adorn their surfaces, researchers announced Wednesday.
The planets, which circle a star called TRAPPIST-1 just 39 light-years away, are tucked together so tightly that they routinely spangle each others’ skies, sometimes appearing as shimmering crescents and at other times as orbs nearly twice as large as the full moon.
“The spectacle would be beautiful,” says the University of Cambridge’s Amaury Triaud, coauthor of a study describing the otherworldly heptad that appears in the journal Nature.
The TRAPPIST-1 system is now tied with several others that have seven planets for the greatest number of planets in a stellar system other than our own (which has eight, not counting dwarf planets like Pluto). The system’s existence suggests that Earth-size planets are much more plentiful than previously imagined.
And now, it’s among the best neighborhoods to study for signs of life beyond Earth: The relative sizes of the planets and star, plus the system’s proximity, mean that plucking the signatures of living, breathing organisms from the planet’s atmospheres could be within reach.
“Those yawning over yet another discovery of habitable-zone planets may not fully appreciate that priorities are shifting and focusing,” says NASA’s Natalie Batalha. “Temperate, terrestrial-sized planets are relatively common in the galaxy. The name of the game now is to find those near enough for atmospheric characterization.”
WATCH: SEVEN EXOPLANETS AROUND COOL DWARF Get amazing facts about the planets found around the nearby star TRAPPIST-1, which orbits just 39 light-years away.
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LUCKY NUMBER SEVEN
If the name TRAPPIST-1 sounds familiar, it’s because scientists have been announcing splashy discoveries about the star and its planets for nearly a year now, aided by an army of telescopes based in Chile, Morocco, South Africa, and elsewhere. Last May, the team presented evidence that at least three planets orbited the star, some of which were deemed Earth-size and potentially habitable. Then, in July, MIT’s Julien de Wit reported more about what two of the planets could be like, suggesting denser atmospheres like those of Earth and Venus.
Now, after aiming NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope at the system for 20 unblinking days and nights, scientists have spotted and confirmed even more planets around TRAPPIST-1. Though their home star is a runt—roughly 8 percent of the sun’s mass and about one-thousandth as bright—it’s among the most common types of stars in the Milky Way galaxy, called an M dwarf. The star’s feeble light washes over the seven sister planets in mostly infrared, which can be felt as heat but is invisible to the human eye.
Spitzer can see in infrared, and as the telescope stared at the star, a pattern began to emerge. The star’s infrared light would periodically dim as its planets marched across its face, casting shadows that betrayed their presence. Among those blips, scientists counted signs of seven planets.
Three were the original Earth-size planets announced last year. Curiously, further scrutiny revealed that one of the “planets” announced in 2016 turned out to be multiple worlds.
Ultimately, seven planets shook themselves loose from the starlight to create a cosmic septet.
“The detections of the six inner planets are very secure, and the seventh planet is likely real, too,” says Lauren Weiss of the Université de Montréal. “If TRAPPIST-1 could make this many planets, there are probably a lot of other small stars with a similar number of planets.”
Called TRAPPIST-1b, 1c, and so on through TRAPPIST-1h, the planets have years ranging in length from 1.5 to roughly 20 Earth days. They’re snuggled closer to their star than Mercury is to the sun and, like siblings in a crowded household, they gravitationally tug and jostle one another, causing slight delays and perturbations in the pattern of blips spied by Spitzer.
Based on those perturbations, scientists could determine the approximate masses of the planets. They found that in addition to being roughly Earth’s size, they’re also roughly the same mass. That means the seven sisters are likely rocky, although it’s possible they could be small worlds enveloped in big fluffy atmospheres, says Weiss.
With the caveat that TRAPPIST-1h’s orbit isn’t well known, it seems three of the planets—TRAPPIST-1e through TRAPPIST-1g—are squarely in the star’s habitable zone; the rest could be habitable, or at least, the right temperature for water to pool and flow across their surfaces if their internal anatomy and atmospheres cooperate.
Until recently, scientists searching for Earth’s cosmic cousins concentrated on stars similar to our sun. This discovery, plus others, suggests that small, dim stars are also quite capable of hosting Earths—good news for those keeping track of how many such planets might be populating the galaxy.
“The authors could have been lucky, but finding seven transiting Earth-sized planets in such a small sample suggests that the solar system with its four (sub-)Earth-sized planets might be nothing out of the ordinary,” writes Leiden University’s Ignas Snellen in a commentary accompanying the study.
SEARCH FOR LIFE
Scientists are particularly intrigued by TRAPPIST-1f, the fifth rock from its star, and suggest that it could be in the sweetest of the spots where life could thrive.
But don’t get too excited about life yet, for a number of reasons.
First of all, the system is comparable in scale and architecture to Jupiter and its four large moons, each of which orbits the giant planet with the same face pointed inward, all the time. TRAPPIST-1’s planets likely do the same, meaning that one of their hemispheres is kept relatively toasty while the other is perpetually facing into the cold cosmic night.
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